What frame rate is typically considered the minimum required to achieve the illusion of movement in animation?

The minimum frame rate typically required to achieve the illusion of movement in animation is 12 frames per second (fps). At this rate, the human eye can perceive the individual frames blending together, creating a sense of fluid motion rather than a series of still images. This frame rate is often used in traditional animation techniques where animators might create a sequence by using "on twos," meaning they draw every other frame, thus effectively reducing the number of drawings needed while still maintaining an acceptable level of motion perception.

While 24 fps is a standard frame rate for smooth motion, particularly in film, it is not the minimum requirement to convey motion. Frame rates lower than this, such as 6 fps, would typically appear choppy and may not effectively convey fluid motion. Higher frame rates like 30 fps are more common in video and television broadcasts but again exceed the minimum need for an illusion of movement. Hence, 12 fps is the most suitable answer in this context.